1. \uc758\uc758 : \uc778\uc2dd(\u8a8d\u8b58)\uc740 \uc544\uc8fc \ub113\uc740 \uc758\ubbf8\uc758 \uc9c0\uc2dd(\u77e5\u8b58)\uc744 \ub9d0\ud558\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\ub098 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \uc544\ub294 \uc791\uc6a9\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \uc774\ub294 \uac10\uac01\uc774\ub098 \uc9c0\uac01\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uae30\uc5b5\uc774\ub098 \uc0ac\uc0c9\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\uae30\uae4c\uc9c0\uc758 \uc758\uc2dd(\u610f\u8b58)\uc758 \uc791\uc6a9\uc744 \ub9d0\ud55c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ubbc0\ub85c \uc778\uc2dd\uc740 \uc9c0\uac01, \uae30\uc5b5, \uc0ac\uc0c9\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \ube44\uba85\uc81c\uc801(\u975e\u547d\u984c\u7684)\uc778 \uc774\ud574\ub294 \ubb3c\ub860 \uc774\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uc774\ud574\ub97c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0b4\ub294 \uba85\uc81c(\u547d\u984c)\uc640 \ud310\ub2e8\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 \uc758\uc695(\u610f\u617e), \uc815\uc11c(\u60c5\u7dd6)\uc640 \ud568\uaed8 \uc758\uc2dd\uc758 \uae30\ubcf8\uc801\uc778 \uce21\uba74 \ub610\ub294 \uae30\ub2a5\uc744 \uc774\ub8ec\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub798\uc11c \uc778\uc2dd\ud559(\u8a8d\u8b58\u5b78) \ud639\uc740 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \uc774\ub860(\uf9e4\u8ad6)\uc774\ub77c\uace0\ub3c4 \ud558\ub294 \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uc740 \uc778\uc2dd\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uc5ec\ub7ec \uac00\uc9c0 \uadfc\ubcf8\ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ud574\uacb0\ud558\ub824\ub294 \ucca0\ud559\uc758 \ud55c \ubd80\ubb38\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131, \uc874\uc7ac, \uac00\uce58, \uae30\uc6d0, \uad6c\uc870, \ubcf8\uc9c8, \ud655\uc2e4\uc131, \ubcf4\ud3b8\uc131, \uc9c4\ub9ac\uc131, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ud55c\uacc4\uc131, \uac1d\uad00\uc131 \ub4f1 \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uc2e0\ube44\ub97c \uc5f0\uad6c\ud558\ub294 \ud559\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
\uc778\uc2dd\ub860 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub294, \uc778\uc2dd\uc774\ub780 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc778\uac00? \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \uc778\uc2dd\uc740 \uc5b4\ub514\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc1c\uacac\ub418\uba70 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ud1b5\uc0c1\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc54c\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud558\ub294 \uac83 \uc911\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5b4\ub290 \uc815\ub3c4\uac00 \uc2e4\uc9c8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\uc2dd\uc778\uac00? \uac10\uac01\uc740 \uc778\uc2dd\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\ub294\uac00? \uc774\uc131\uc740 \uc778\uc2dd\uc744 \ucda9\uc871\uc2dc\ud0ac \uc218 \uc788\ub294\uac00? \uc778\uc2dd\uacfc \ucc38\ub41c \ubbff\uc74c\uacfc\ub294 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uad00\ub828\uc774 \uc788\ub294\uac00 \ub4f1 \uae30\ubcf8\uc801\uc778 \ubb38\uc81c\uc810\uc744 \ucde8\uae09\ud558\ub824\uace0 \uc2dc\ub3c4\ud588\ub358 – \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uc758 \uc2dc\uc870\ub77c\uace0 \ubd88\ub9b4 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 – \uace0\ub300 \ud50c\ub77c\ud1a4(Platon)\uc744 \ube44\ub86f\ud558\uc5ec \uc544\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud1a0\ud154\ub808\uc2a4(Aristoteles), \uc2a4\ud1a0\uc544(Stoa)\ud559\ud30c, \uc5d0\ud53c\ucfe0\ub85c\uc2a4(Epikuros)\ud559\ud30c, \uc2e0\ud50c\ub77c\ud1a4\ud559\ud30c\uc5d0 \uc774\uc5b4 \uc911\uc138\uc5d0\ub294 \uc544\uc6b0\uad6c\uc2a4\ud2f0\ub178(Augustinus), \uc2a4\ucf5c\ub77c(Schola)\ucca0\ud559 \ub4f1\uc5d0\uc11c \ucc3e\uc544\ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uc774 \ucca0\ud559\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ubd88\uac00\uacb0\uc758 \uacfc\uc81c\ub85c \ub4f1\uc7a5\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \uadfc\ub300\uc5d0 \uc640\uc11c \uc778\uac04\uc778\uc2dd \ub610\ub294 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \uc6d0\ucc9c, \ud655\uc2e4\uc131 \ubc0f \ubc94\uc704\ub97c \u226a\uc624\uc131\ub860\u226b(\u609f\u6027\u8ad6)\uc5d0\uc11c \ub2e4\ub8ec \ub85c\ud06c(John LOcke, 1632~1704)\uc5d0\uc11c\uc774\uba70 \ub2e4\uc74c\uc740 \uc774\uc131\ub2a5\ub825 \uc77c\ubc18\uc758 \ube44\ud310\uc744 \u226a\uc21c\uc218\uc774\uc131\ube44\ud310\u226b(\u7d14\u7cb9\uf9e4\u6027\u6279\u5224, Kritik der reinen Vernunft)\uc5d0\uc11c \ub17c\ud55c \uce78\ud2b8(I. Kant, 1724~1804)\uc5d0\uc11c\uc774\ub2e4. \ud2b9\ud788 \uadfc\ub300 \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559\uc758 \ud655\uc2e4\uc131\uacfc \ud615\uc774\uc0c1\ud559\uc758 \ubd88\ud655\uc2e4\uc131\uacfc\uc758 \ub300\ub9bd\uc740 \ucca0\ud559\uc73c\ub85c \ud558\uc5ec\uae08 \uc778\uac04\uc758 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ucca0\uc800\ud55c \ubc18\uc131\uc744 \ubd88\uac00\ud53c\ud558\uac8c \ud55c \ub370\uc11c \ucc98\uc74c\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uc774 \ub098\ud0c0\ub0ac\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub798\uc11c \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uc758 \uc131\ub9bd\uc740 \ud615\uc774\uc0c1\ud559\uc758 \uc7ac\uac74\uc758 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uae38\uc774\uc694 \uc790\uc544\uc5d0 \ub208\ub72c \uadfc\ub300\uc815\uc2e0\uc758 \uc790\uac01\uc758 \uc2ec\ud654\ub77c\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
\ub2e4\ub978 \ud559\ubb38\uacfc\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uc740 \ud615\uc774\uc0c1\ud559\uacfc \ub098\ub780\ud788 \ucca0\ud559\uc758 2\ub300 \ubd80\ubb38\uc744 \uc774\ub8e8\uba70, \uc11c\ub85c \ubc00\uc811\ud55c \uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uac00\uc9c4\ub2e4. \uc989 \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \uc778\uc2dd\ub300\uc0c1\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\ub294 \ud615\uc774\uc0c1\ud559\uc801 \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \ub420 \ubfd0 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \ud615\uc774\uc0c1\ud559 \uadf8 \uc790\uccb4\uac00 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uc774 \ub41c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uadf8 \ub300\uc0c1\uc774 \ud615\uc774\uc0c1\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c\ucc98\ub7fc \uc2e4\uc7ac\uc801 \uc874\uc7ac\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \ubc14\ub85c \uc778\uc2dd \uc790\uccb4\uc774\ub2e4. \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uc740 \ub610 \ub17c\ub9ac\ud559\uacfc \ubc00\uc811\ud55c \uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uac16\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub17c\ub9ac\ud559\uc774 \ud0c0\ub2f9\ud55c \ucd94\ub9ac\uc758 \uc6d0\uce59\uc774\ub098 \uaddc\ubc94\uc744 \ub2e4\ub8e8\ub294 \ud615\uc2dd\uc801\uc778 \ud559\ubb38\uc778 \ub370 \ubc18\ud574 \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uc740 \ub300\uc0c1\uacfc\uc758 \uc2e4\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \uc5f0\uad00\uc744 \uac00\uc9c0\ub294 \uc778\uc2dd \ub610\ub294 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \ubcf8\uc9c8\uc774\ub098 \ud0c0\ub2f9\uc131\uc744 \ubb38\uc81c\ub85c \uc0bc\ub294\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uc740 \uc2ec\ub9ac\ud559\uacfc\ub3c4 \ubc00\uc811\ud55c \uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uac16\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc0ac\ubb3c\uc744 \uc548\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uac10\uac01, \uc9c0\uac01, \uae30\uc5b5, \uc0ac\uace0\ub97c \ud3ec\uad04\ud558\ub294 \uc758\uc2dd\uc791\uc6a9\uc774\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uacfc \uc2ec\ub9ac\ud559\uc740 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ubc94\uc704\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \uadf8 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc601\uc5ed\uc744 \uac19\uc774 \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc989 \uc54e(\uc778\uc2dd\ud568)\uc744 \uc790\uae30\uc758 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc640 \uc54e\uc758 \ub300\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \uc0bc\uae30\ub294 \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\ub9cc\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc2ec\ub9ac\ud559 \ub610\ud55c \ub9c8\ucc2c\uac00\uc9c0\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uacfc \uc2ec\ub9ac\ud559\uc758 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc758 \uac01\ub3c4\uc640 \ubc29\ud5a5\uc740 \uc11c\ub85c \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4. \uc2ec\ub9ac\ud559\uc774 \uc758\uc2dd\uc791\uc6a9\uc744 \uacbd\ud5d8 \ub610\ub294 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc5f0\uad6c\ud558\ub294 \uacbd\ud5d8\uacfc\ud559\uc778 \ub370 \ubc18\ud574, \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uc740 \uc758\uc2dd\uc791\uc6a9\uc758 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uacfc \uad6c\ubd84\ub41c \uc778\uc2dd \ub610\ub294 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \uac1d\uad00\uc801 \ud0c0\ub2f9\uc131\uc744 \ub2e4\ub8e8\ub294 \ud559\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ubbc0\ub85c \uc2ec\ub9ac\ud559\uc740 \uc544\ub294 \uc2ec\ub9ac\uc801 \ud65c\ub3d9\uc778 \uc778\uc2dd(Erkenntnis)\uc744 \uc790\uae30\uc758 \ub300\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \uc0bc\uc73c\ub098 \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uc740 \uc778\uc2dd \uc790\uccb4\ub97c \uc790\uae30 \ub300\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \uc0bc\ub294\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
2. \ubb38\uc81c\uc640 \ud559\uc124 : \uc6b0\uc120 \uc778\uc2dd \ub610\ub294 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c\ub294 \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uac00\ub2a5\uc744 \ubb34\uc870\uac74\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ubb34\uc81c\ud55c\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\uc815\ud558\uace0 \uc778\uac04 \uc9c0\ub825\uc774 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\uc744 \uc778\uc2dd\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud558\ub294 \uc18c\ubc15\ud55c \uc785\uc7a5\uc758 \ub3c5\ub2e8\ub860(\u7368\u65b7\u8ad6, Dogmatism)\uc774 \uc788\ub294\ub370 \ub370\uce74\ub974\ud2b8(R. Descartes, 1596~1650), \uc2a4\ud53c\ub178\uc790(B. Spinoza, 1632~1677), \ub77c\uc774\ud504\ub2c8\uce20(G.W. Leibniz, 1646~1716) \ub4f1 \uadfc\ub300 \uc720\ub7fd\ub300\ub959\uc5d0\uc11c \uc77c\uc5b4\ub09c \ud569\ub9ac\ub860\uc790(\u5408\u7406\u8ad6\u8005, Rationalist)\ub4e4\uc774 \uc5ec\uae30\uc5d0 \uc18d\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub3c5\ub2e8\ub860\uacfc\ub294 \ubc18\ub300\ub85c \ud68c\uc758\ub860(\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6, Scepticism)\uc740 \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc744 \ubd80\uc815\ud558\ub294\ub370, \ud68c\uc758\ub860\uc740 \uc778\uac04 \uc778\uc2dd\uc740 \uc8fc\uad00\uc801 \ud639\uc740 \uc0c1\ub300\uc801\uc774\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc778\uac04\uc758 \ubcf4\ud3b8\ud0c0\ub2f9\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uc601\uad6c\uc801\uc778 \uc778\uc2dd\uc740 \ubd88\uac00\ub2a5\ud558\uba70 \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc778\uac04\uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \ub2a5\ub825\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \ubcf4\ud3b8\ud0c0\ub2f9\ud55c \uc9c4\ub9ac\ub97c \uc5bb\uc744 \uc218 \uc5c6\uace0 \ub610\ud55c \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uc720\uc77c\ud55c \uc6d0\ucc9c\uc740 \uc9c0\uac01\uc778\ub370 \uc9c0\uac01\uc5d0 \uc758\ud558\uc5ec \uc131\ub9bd\ud558\ub294 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc740 \uc77c\uc2dc\uc801\uc774\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \ubcf4\ud3b8\uc801 \uc601\uad6c\uc801 \uc9c4\ub9ac\ub294 \uc5c6\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc740 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \ub2e4\ub974\uba70 \uc8fc\uad00\uc801 \uac1c\uc778\uc801\uc778 \uc9c0\uc2dd\ub9cc\uc774 \uc8fc\uc5b4\uc9c0\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \u201c\uc0ac\ub78c\uc740 \ub9cc\ubb3c\uc758 \ucc99\ub3c4(\u5c3a\u5ea6)\u201d\ub77c\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud55c \uace0\ub300 \ud504\ub85c\ud0c0\uace0\ub77c\uc2a4(Protagoras, \uae30\uc6d0\uc804 500~430)\ub97c \ube44\ub86f\ud558\uc5ec \uace0\ub974\uae30\uc544\uc2a4(Gorgias, \uae30\uc6d0\uc804 483~376), \ud53c\ub860(Pyrrhon, \uae30\uc6d0\uc804 360~270), \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ud68c\uc758 10\uac1c\uc870(\u61f7\u7591\u5341\u500b\u689d)\ub97c \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud55c \uc544\uc774\ub124\uc2dc\ub370\ubaa8\uc2a4(Ainesidemos, \uae30\uc6d0\uc804 1\uc138\uae30\uacbd)\uc640 \ud68c\uc758 10\uac1c\uc870\ub97c \uc694\uc57d\ud55c \uc544\uadf8\ub9ac\ud30c(Agrippa, 2\uc138\uae30\uacbd)\uac00 \ud68c\uc758\ub860\uc5d0 \uc18d\ud558\uba70 \uadfc\ub300\uc758 \uacbd\ud5d8\ub860\uc790\uc778 \ud744(D. Hume, 1711~1776)\ub3c4 \ubcf4\ud3b8\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uc601\uad6c\ud55c \uc778\uc2dd\uc740 \ubd88\uac00\ub2a5\ud558\ub2e4\uace0 \ud558\uc5ec \ud68c\uc758\ub860\uc744 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ubc18\uba74\uc5d0 \uc77c\uc815\ud55c \ud55c\uacc4\ub0b4\uc5d0\uc11c\ub9cc \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uac00\ub2a5\uc744 \uae0d\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uc2e4\uc99d\ub860(\u5be6\u8b49\u8ad6, Positivism)\uc740 \uc778\uc2dd\uac00\ub2a5\uc758 \ud55c\uacc4\ub97c \uacbd\ud5d8\uc801 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc5d0 \ub450\uc5b4 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc758 \ubc94\uc704 \ub0b4\uc5d0\uc11c\ub9cc \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc744 \uc778\uc815\ud558\uace0 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc758 \ubc94\uc704\ub97c \ubc97\uc5b4\ub09c \ucd08\uacbd\ud5d8\uc801(\u8d85\u7d93\u9a57\u7684)\uc778 \uac83\uc740 \uc778\uc2dd\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud55c\ub2e4. \uadf8 \ub300\ud45c\uc801 \uc778\ubb3c\uc740 \ucf69\ud2b8(August Comte, 1798~1857)\uc774\uba70 \ub9c8\ud558(Ernst Mach, 1838~1916), \uc544\ubca0\ub098\ub9ac\uc6b0\uc2a4(R. Avenarius, 1843~1896)\ub3c4 \uc2e4\uc99d\ub860\uc758 \uc785\uc7a5\uc5d0 \uc11c \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uc640 \uac19\uc774 \uc2e4\uc99d\ub860\uc740 \ud604\uc0c1(\u73fe\u8c61)\uc758 \ubc30\ud6c4\uc5d0 \uc5b4\ub5a0\ud55c \uc2e4\uc7ac(\u5be6\u5728)\ub3c4 \uc778\uc815\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uce78\ud2b8\ub294 \uc778\uc2dd\uc744 \uacf5\uac04\uacfc \uc2dc\uac04\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc9c1\uad00\ud615\uc2dd(\u76f4\u89c0\u5f62\u5f0f)\uc744 \ud1b5\ud558\uc5ec \uc6b0\ub9ac \uac10\uc131(\u611f\u6027)\uc5d0 \ub098\ud0c0\ub098\ub294 \ud604\uc0c1\uc5d0\ub9cc \uad6d\ud55c\ud558\uc5ec \uac00\ub2a5\ud558\ub2e4\uace0 \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \uce78\ud2b8\uc758 \ube44\ud310\ub860(\u6279\u5224\u8ad6, Criticism)\uc740 \uc2e4\uc99d\ub860\uacfc \ub3d9\uc77c\ud558\ub2e4\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uce78\ud2b8\uc758 \ube44\ud310\ub860\uc740 \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uc120\ucc9c\uc801(\u5148\u5929\u7684, a priori) \ud615\uc2dd\uc758 \uc874\uc7ac\ub97c \uc778\uc815\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc801 \uc0ac\uc2e4 \uc774\uc678\uc5d0\ub294 \uc544\ubb34 \uac83\ub3c4 \uc778\uc815\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \uc2e4\uc99d\ub860\uacfc\ub294 \ucc28\uc774\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
\uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uae30\uc6d0(\u8d77\u6e90) \uc989 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \uc6d0\ucc9c(\u6e90\u6cc9) \ubb38\uc81c\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \ubca0\uc774\ucee8(Francis Bacon, 1561~1626), \ub85c\ud06c, \ubc84\ud074\ub9ac(G. Berkeley, 1685~1753), \ud744(Hume) \uac19\uc740 \uc601\uad6d\uc758 \uacbd\ud5d8\ub860\uc790(Empiricist)\ub4e4\uc740 \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uae30\uc6d0\uc740 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc774\ub77c \ud558\uace0 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc744 \ucd08\uc6d4\ud55c \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc774\ub098 \uc9c4\ub9ac\ub97c \ubd80\uc815\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc774 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \uc6d0\ucc9c\uc774 \ub41c\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ud504\ub791\uc2a4\uc758 \ucf58\ub51c\ub77d(E.B. Condillac, 1715~1780)\uc740 \uacbd\ud5d8\ub860(\u7d93\u9a57\u8ad6, Empiricism)\uc744 \uac10\uac01\ub860(\u611f\u89ba\u8ad6, Sensualism)\uae4c\uc9c0 \ubc1c\uc804\uc2dc\ucf1c \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc778\uc2dd \ub610\ub294 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \uc6d0\ucc9c\uc744 \uc624\uc9c1 \uac10\uac01\ubfd0\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc774\uc640 \ubc18\ub300\ub85c \ub370\uce74\ub974\ud2b8, \uc2a4\ud53c\ub178\uc790, \ub77c\uc774\ud504\ub2c8\uce20, \uc6b8\ud504(Chr. Wolff, 1679~1754) \ub4f1 \ub300\ub959\uc758 \ud569\ub9ac\ub860\uc790(\u5408\u7406\u8ad6\u8005, Rationalist)\ub4e4\uc740 \uc9c4\uc815\ud55c \uc778\uc2dd\uc740 \uc624\ub85c\uc9c0 \uc774\uc131\uc801 \uc0ac\uace0(\u601d\u8003)\uc5d0\uc11c \uc720\ub798\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\uc5ec \uc774\uc131\uc801 \uc0ac\uace0\ub9cc\uc774 \ucc38\ub2e4\uc6b4 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \uc6d0\ucc9c\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ud2b9\ud788 \uc6b8\ud504\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\uc744 \ub2e4\ub9cc \uc774\uc131\uc801 \uc0ac\uace0\ub9cc\uc73c\ub85c \ud574\uacb0\ud558\ub294 \uc774\uc131\uc801 \ucca0\ud559\uccb4\uacc4\uc5d0\uae4c\uc9c0 \ubc1c\uc804\uc2dc\ucf1c \uacbd\ud5d8\uc801 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc744 \ubb34\uc2dc\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \uc778\uac04\uc758 \uc774\uc131\ub2a5\ub825\uc744 \ubb34\uc870\uac74 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ud558\uace0 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\uc744 \uc778\uc2dd\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \ub3c5\ub2e8\ub860\uc758 \uc785\uc7a5\uc5d0 \uc11c \uc788\uae30\uae4c\uc9c0 \ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \uce78\ud2b8\ub294 \uadf8\uc758 \ube44\ud310\ub860\uc5d0\uc11c \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc778\uc2dd\uc774 \uacbd\ud5d8\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \uc2dc\uc791\ub41c\ub2e4\uace0 \ud574\uc11c \ubc18\ub4dc\uc2dc \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc778\uc2dd\uc774 \ubaa8\ub450 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uc5ec \uacbd\ud5d8\uacfc \uc774\uc131\uacfc\uc758 \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0 \uc694\uc18c\uc5d0 \uc758\ud558\uc5ec \uc778\uc2dd\uc774 \uc131\ub9bd\ub41c\ub2e4\ub294 \ud559\uc124\uc744 \ub0b4\uc138\uc6c0\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \uacbd\ud5d8\ub860\uacfc \ud569\ub9ac\ub860\uc744 \ud654\ud574 \uc885\ud569\uc2dc\ucf30\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
\uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \ubcf8\uc9c8\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \ub2e4\uc2dc \ub9d0\ud574\uc11c \uc778\uc2dd\uc774 \uc131\ub9bd\ud558\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c\ub294 \uc778\uc2dd\uc740 \uc5b8\uc81c\ub098 \uc8fc\uccb4\ub97c \ud1b5\ud55c \ub300\uc0c1\uc758 \uc778\uc2dd\uc778 \uae4c\ub2ed\uc5d0 \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \uc778\uc2dd\uc740 \uc8fc\uccb4\ub294 \ubb3c\ub860 \ub300\uc0c1\uc744 \ub5a0\ub0a0 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \uc2e4\uc7ac\ub860(\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6, Realism)\uc740 \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \ub300\uc0c1\uc740 \ud604\uc2e4\uacc4(\u73fe\u5be6\u754c)\uc5d0\ub098 \ucd08\ud604\uc2e4\uacc4(\u8d85\u73fe\u5be6\u754c)\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \uc2e4\uc7ac\uccb4(\u5be6\u5728\u9ad4)\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uace0 \uc778\uc2dd\uc740 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc8fc\uccb4(\uc758\uc2dd)\ub97c \ucd08\uc6d4\ud55c \uc2e4\uccb4\uc758 \ubaa8\uc0ac(\u6a21\u5beb)\uc774\uace0 \ubc18\uc601\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc8fc\uc758\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc2e4\uc7ac\uc801\uc778 \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \ub300\uc0c1\uc740 \uc778\uc2dd\uc791\uc6a9\uc758 \uc758\uc2dd\uc774\ub098 \uc8fc\uad00\uc5d0\uc11c \ub3c5\ub9bd\ud558\uc5ec \uac1d\uad00\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc790\uae30 \uc874\uc7ac\uc758 \uc808\ub300\uc801 \ucd08\uc6d4\uc131, \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc131, \uc2e4\uc7ac\uc131\uc744 \uac16\uace0 \uc788\uc5b4 \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uc8fc\uccb4\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc544\ubb34\ub7f0 \uc601\ud5a5\ub3c4 \ubcc0\ub3d9\ub3c4 \ubc1b\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub798\uc11c \uc8fc\uccb4\uc758 \uc758\uc2dd\uc740 \uc778\uc2dd\ud568\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \ub3c5\uc790\uc801\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc758\uc874\uc801\uc774\uba70, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc9c0\uc2dd(\uc54e) \uc790\uccb4\ub294 \uc758\uc2dd\uc758 \uc790\ubc1c\uc131\uc73c\ub85c\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc624\uc9c1 \uc758\uc2dd\uc758 \uc218\uc6a9\uc131\uacfc \ubaa8\ubc29\uc131\uc73c\ub85c \ub41c\ub2e4\ub294 \ud559\uc124\ub85c\uc11c \uac1d\uad00\uc801\uc778 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc774 \uc8fc\uad00\uc801\uc778 \uc815\uc2e0\uc5d0 \ubaa8\uc0ac \ub610\ub294 \ubc18\uc601\ub420 \ub54c \uc778\uc2dd\uc774 \uc131\ub9bd\ub41c\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ubc18\uba74 \uc778\uc2dd\uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \ubc84\ud074\ub9ac\uc640 \uc1fc\ud39c\ud558\uc6b0\uc5b4(A. Schopenhauer, 1788~1860)\uc758 \uc8fc\uad00\uc801 \uad00\ub150\ub860(\u4e3b\u89c0\u7684 \u89c0\u5ff5\u8ad6, subjektiver Idealismus) \ud639\uc740 \ud45c\uc0c1\uad00\ub150\ub860(\u8868\u8c61\u89c0\u5ff5\u8ad6, Vorstellungsidealismus)\uc5d0 \uc758\ud558\uba74 \uc778\uc2dd\uc774 \uc2e4\uc7ac\uc5d0 \uc758\uc874\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uc2e4\uc7ac\ub860\uacfc\ub294 \ub2ec\ub9ac \uc624\ud788\ub824 \uc778\uc2dd\ub300\uc0c1\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc758\ubbf8\ub85c \uc8fc\uad00\uc5d0 \uc758\uc874\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \ud558\ub294 \ud559\uc124\ub85c\uc11c \uc0ac\ubb3c\uc758 \uac1d\uad00\uc801 \uc874\uc7ac\ub97c \uc778\uc815\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc778\uc2dd\ud568\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \uc544\ub294 \uc8fc\uccb4(\uc758\uc2dd)\uc758 \uc2e4\uc7ac\uc131\uc774 \uc54c\ub824\uc9c0\ub294 \ub300\uc0c1\uc758 \uc2e4\uc7ac\uc131\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub354 \uc911\uc694\uc2dc\ud558\uc5ec \uc678\uacc4\uc758 \uc2e4\uccb4(\ub300\uc0c1)\ub294 \uc758\uc2dd(\uc8fc\uccb4)\uc758 \ud45c\uc0c1(\u8868\u8c61)\uacfc \uad00\ub150\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\uc2dd\uc791\uc6a9\uc758 \uc801\uadf9\uc131\uc744 \uac15\uc870\ud558\uba70 \uc8fc\uad00\uc774 \uac1d\uad00\uc744 \ub530\ub978\ub2e4\ub294 \uc2e4\uc7ac\ub860\uc758 \uc8fc\uc7a5\uacfc\ub294 \ubc18\ub300\ub85c \uac1d\uad00\uc774 \uc8fc\uad00\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uce78\ud2b8\uc758 \ube44\ud310\ub860\uc801 \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uc740 \uc54e\uc758 \ucc38\ub41c \ubcf8\uc9c8\uacfc \uac1c\ub150\uc744 \uc54c\uae30 \uc704\ud558\uc5ec \uc2e4\uc7ac\uc801 \uc758\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 \uc778\uc2dd\uc8fc\uccb4\uc640 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc2e4\uc7ac\uc801 \uc0ac\ubb3c\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 \uc778\uc2dd\ub300\uc0c1\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \ub3c4\ub9ac\uc5b4 \uc774\ub4e4\uc758 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801 \uac00\ub2a5\uc81c\uc57d(\u53ef\u80fd\u5236\u7d04)\uc744 \uc54e\uc758 \ub300\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \uc0bc\ub294\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc774 \uc778\uc2dd\ub300\uc0c1\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \ub3c4\ub9ac\uc5b4 \uc774\ub4e4\uc758 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801 \uac00\ub2a5\uc81c\uc57d\uc744 \uc54e\uc758 \ub300\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \uc0bc\ub294\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc774 \uc778\uc2dd\ub300\uc0c1\uc778 \uac00\ub2a5\uc81c\uc57d\uc740 \uace7 \uacf5\uac04, \uc2dc\uac04 \ubc0f \uc81c\ud615\uc2dd(\u8af8\u5f62\u5f0f)\uc778 \ubc94\uc8fc(\u7bc4\u7587, Kategorie)\ub85c\uc11c \uc624\uc131\uc774 \uc774 \uac00\ub2a5\uc81c\uc57d\uc744 \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc7a1\ub2e4\ud55c \ud604\uc0c1\uc744 \ud1b5\uc77c\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \ud310\ub2e8\uc774\uc694 \uc0ac\uace0\uc774\uba70 \uc5ec\uae30\uc5d0 \uc778\uc2dd\uc774 \uc131\ub9bd\ud558\ub294 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uc774\uc5d0 \ub300\uc751\ud558\ub294 \uc2e4\uc7ac\uac00 \uad6c\uc131\ub41c\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ubbc0\ub85c \uc2e4\uc7ac\uc758 \uc9c4\uc0c1 \uc989 \uc9c4\uc815\ud55c \uc2e4\uc7ac\ub294 \uc778\uc2dd\uc774\uc804\uc5d0 \uc778\uc2dd\uc5d0 \ubaa8\uc0ac\ub418\uac70\ub098 \ubc18\uc601\ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc778\uc2dd\uc774\ud6c4\uc5d0 \ube44\ub85c\uc11c \uad6c\uc131\ub41c\ub2e4\uace0 \ubcf8\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc120\ud5d8\uc801 \uc774\uc0c1\uc131(\u5148\u9a57\u7684 \uf9e4\u60f3\u6027, transzendentale Idealitat)\uacfc \uacbd\ud5d8\uc801 \uc2e4\uc7ac\uc131(\u7d93\u9a57\u7684 \u5be6\u5728\u6027, empirische Realitat)\uc744 \uac16\ub294 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801 \uac00\ub2a5\uc81c\uc57d\uc758 \uc6d0\ucc9c\uc740 \uc120\ud5d8\uc801 \ud1b5\uac01(\u5148\u9a57\u7684 \u7d71\u89ba, transzendentale Apperzeption)\uc774\uba70 \ub610 \uc774 \uc120\ud5d8\uc801 \ud1b5\uac01\uc740 \uc21c\uc218\uc624\uc131(\u7d14\u7cb9\u609f\u6027, reiner Verstand)\uc778 \ucd5c\uace0\uc624\uc131(\u6700\u9ad8\u609f\u6027, hochster Verstand)\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294\ub370 \uc774\uac83\uc740 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ud604\uc2e4\uc801 \uc8fc\uccb4\uc640 \uac1d\uccb4(\ub300\uc0c1)\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4 \ubcf4\ud3b8\uc801 \uc8fc\uccb4\ub77c \ud55c\ub2e4. \ubc18\uba74\uc5d0 \ube44\ud310\uc801 \uc2e4\uc7ac\ub860\uc790\uc778 \ud558\ub974\ud2b8\ub9cc(H. Hartmann, 1882~1950)\uc740 \uc778\uc2dd\uc774\ub780 \uc8fc\uad00\uc774 \uac1d\uad00\uc744 \ubaa8\uc0ac\ud55c \uac83\ub3c4 \uc544\ub2c8\uc694, \uc8fc\uad00\uc774 \uac1d\uad00\uc744 \uad6c\uc131\ud55c \uac83\ub3c4 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc8fc\uad00\uc774 \uc624\uc9c1 \uadf8 \uc790\uccb4\ub85c\uc11c \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\ub294 \ub300\uc0c1(\uac1d\uad00)\uc744 \ud30c\uc545\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \ub300\uc0c1\uc758 \uac1d\uad00\uc801 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc131\uc744 \uc778\uc815\ud558\uace0 \uc8fc\uad00\uc774 \ub2a5\ub3d9\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uadf8\ub7ec\ud55c \ub300\uc0c1\uc744 \ucc3e\uc544\ub0b4\uace0 \ubd84\uc11d, \ube44\uad50, \uc885\ud569\ud558\uc5ec \uac80\ud1a0\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \ub300\uc0c1\uc758 \uc9c4\uc0c1\uc744 \ud30c\uc545\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc778\uac04\uc801 \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \ub0b4\ubd80\uc5d0\ub294 \uc9c4\uc704(\u771e\u50de)\uc758 \uc9c1\uc811\uc801 \uae30\uc900\uc774 \uc5c6\ub2e4\uace0 \ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ud55c\ud3b8 \ub4c0\uc774(John Dewey, 1859~1952) \uac19\uc740 \ucca0\ud559\uc790\ub294 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc744 \ud658\uacbd\uc5d0\uc758 \uc801\uc751\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \ub3c4\uad6c\ub85c \ubcf4\ub294 \uac1c\ub150\ub3c4\uad6c\uc124(\u69ea\u5ff5\u9053\u5177\u8aaa)\uc5d0\uc11c \uc9c4\uc815\ud55c \uc778\uc2dd\uc740 \ud658\uacbd\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc2dc\ud589\ucc29\uc624\ubc95(\u65bd\u884c\u932f\u8aa4\u6cd5, Method of trial and error)\uc5d0 \uc758\ud558\uc5ec \uc131\ub9bd\ub41c\ub2e4\uace0 \ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ubcc0\uc99d\ubc95\uc801 \uc720\ubb3c\ub860\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c\uc758 \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uc774\ub77c\ub4e0\uac00 \ud6c4\uc124(E. Husserl)\uc758 \ud604\uc0c1\ud559\ub3c4 \uc885\ub798\uc758 \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uacfc\ub294 \uadf8 \uc774\ub860\uc744 \ub2ec\ub9ac\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
\uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uc9c4\ub9ac\uc131\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \uc9c4\ub9ac\ub294 \ubcf4\ud3b8\uc131\uacfc \ud544\uc5f0\uc131\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud558\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc778\uc2dd\uc774\ub780 \ubcf4\ud3b8\uc131\uacfc \ud544\uc5f0\uc131\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ubcf8\ub2e4\uba74 \uc778\uc2dd\uacfc \uc9c4\ub9ac\ub294 \ub3d9\uc77c\ud558\ub2e4\uace0 \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc778\uc2dd\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc778\uc2dd \uc791\uc6a9\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf8\ub2e4\uba74 \uc778\uc2dd\ud65c\ub3d9\uc740 \uc9c4\uc815\ud55c \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc744 \uc5bb\ub294 \ub370 \uadf8 \ubaa9\uc801\uc774 \uc788\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc9c4\ub9ac\ub294 \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \ubaa9\uc801\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ubbc0\ub85c \uc9c4\uc704\uc758 \uae30\uc900\uc744 \uc5b4\ub514\uc5d0 \ub450\ub290\ub0d0\ud558\ub294 \ubb38\uc81c\uc5d0\uc11c \uac1d\uad00\uc8fc\uc758(\u5ba2\u89c0\u4e3b\u7fa9, Relativism)\ub294 \uc9c4\ub9ac\uc758 \uae30\uc900\uc744 \uac1d\uad00\uc801 \uc2e4\uc7ac\uc5d0 \ub450\uace0 \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uc9c4\ub9ac\uc131\uc758 \uae30\uc900\uc744 \uac1d\uad00\uc801 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uacfc\uc758 \uc77c\uce58\uc5d0 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \ud558\uba74 \ubc18\uba74\uc5d0, \uc9c4\ub9ac\uc758 \uae30\uc900\uc744 \uc8fc\uad00\uc801\uc778 \uc778\uc2dd \uadf8 \uc790\uccb4 \ub0b4\ubd80\uc5d0\uc11c \ucc3e\ub294 \uc8fc\uad00\uc8fc\uc758\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uac19\uc740 \uc8fc\uad00\uc8fc\uc758(\u4e3b\u89c0\u4e3b\u7fa9, Subjectivism)\uc758 \ud559\uc124\uc774\uba74\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc8fc\uad00\uc744 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc801 \uac1c\uc778\uc801 \uc8fc\uad00\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\ub294 \uc785\uc7a5\uc758 \uc81c\uc784\uc2a4(William James, 1842~1910)\ub294 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \uc9c4\ub9ac\uc131\uc740 \ucd94\uc0c1\uc801\uc778 \uc774\ub860\uc73c\ub85c\uc368\ub294 \uacb0\uc815\ub420 \uc218 \uc5c6\uace0 \uc624\uc9c1 \uc778\uac04\uc0dd\ud65c\uc5d0 \uc8fc\ub294 \uc2e4\uc6a9\uc801 \ud6a8\uacfc \uc5ec\ud558\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uacb0\uc815\ub41c\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \uc2e4\uc6a9\uc8fc\uc758(\u5be6\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9, Pragmatism)\ub97c \ub0b4\uc138\uc6e0\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc2e4\uc6a9\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \uc785\uc7a5\uc740 \ubcf4\ud3b8\ud0c0\ub2f9\ud55c \uc778\uc2dd \uc989 \uc808\ub300\uc801 \uc9c4\ub9ac\ub97c \ubd80\uc778\ud558\uace0 \uc0c1\ub300\uc801 \uc9c4\ub9ac\ub9cc\uc744 \uc778\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uacb0\uacfc\uac00 \ub41c\ub2e4. \uce78\ud2b8\ub294 \uc774\ubbf8 \uc120\ud5d8\uc801 \ucd08\uac1c\uc778\uc801 \uc8fc\uad00\uc744 \uc778\uc815\ud558\uace0 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc740 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc801\uc774\uc9c0\ub9cc \uadf8 \ud615\uc2dd(\uc9c1\uad00\ud615\uc2dd, \uc624\uc131\ud615\uc2dd)\uc740 \uc120\ud5d8\uc801\uc778 \uac83\uc774\ubbc0\ub85c \uc120\ud5d8\uc801 \uc8fc\uad00\uc5d0 \uc18d\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uace0 \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \ubcf4\ud3b8\ud0c0\ub2f9\uc131\uc758 \uadfc\uac70 \uc989 \uc9c4\ub9ac\uc758 \uae30\uc900\uc744 \uc774 \uc120\ud5d8\uc801 \ud615\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf8 \uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \uadf8\uc758 \uc785\uc7a5\uc740 \ud615\uc2dd\uc8fc\uc758(\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u7fa9, Formalism)\ub77c\uace0\ub3c4 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub610 \ud55c\ud3b8 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc8fc\uc758(\u5be6\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9, Experimentalism)\ub294 \uc778\uc2dd\uc740 \uc77c\uc885\uc758 \ub3c4\uad6c\uc778\ub370 \uc774 \ub3c4\uad6c\uc758 \uc131\ub2a5\uc740 \ub3c4\uad6c\ub97c \uc2e4\uc9c0\ub85c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud574 \ubcf4\uc544\uc57c \uc54c \uc218 \uc788\ub4ef\uc774 \uc778\uc2dd \ub610\ub294 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\ub3c4 \ud658\uacbd\uc5d0\uc758 \uc801\uc751\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \ud558\ub098\uc758 \ub3c4\uad6c\uc5d0 \ubd88\uacfc\ud558\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uadf8 \uc9c4\ub9ac\uc131 \uc5ec\ud558\ub3c4 \ud589\ub3d9 \uc989 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc5d0 \uc758\ud558\uc5ec \uacb0\uc815\ub41c\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc989 \uc2e4\ucc9c\uc5d0 \ud798\uc774 \ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc778\uc2dd \ub610\ub294 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc774 \uc9c4\ub9ac\uac00 \ub41c\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc8fc\uc758\ub294 \ub4c0\uc774\uc5d0\uc11c \ub098\uc654\ub294\ub370 \ud604\ub300\uc5d0 \uc640\uc11c \uc640\ud2b8\uc2a8(John Watson, 1878~1958)\uc774 \ubcf8\ub798 \uc2ec\ub9ac\ud559\uc0c1\uc758 \ud559\uc124\uc778 \ud589\ub3d9\uc8fc\uc758(\u884c\u52d5\u4e3b\u7fa9, Behaviorism)\ub97c \uc81c\ucc3d\ud55c \uc774\ub798 \uc774 \uc0ac\uc0c1\uc740 \ubbf8\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc1c\uc804\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc989 \uc774 \uc0ac\uc0c1\uc740 \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uc9c4\ub9ac\uc131\uc740 \uac1d\uad00\uc801 \ud589\ub3d9 \ub610\ub294 \uc2e4\ucc9c\uc5d0 \uc758\ud558\uc5ec \uacb0\uc815\ub41c\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubc1c\uc804\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \ud589\ub3d9\uc8fc\uc758\ub294 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc8fc\uc758\uc5d0 \uadc0\ucc29\ud55c \uc148\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
\uc774\uc0c1 \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uc801 \uc81c\ubb38\uc81c\uc640 \uac01\uc885 \ud559\uc124\uc744 \ubcf4\uba74 \ubb38\uc81c\uac04\uc5d0 \ubc00\uc811\ud55c \uc5f0\uad00\uc774 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc \ud559\uc124\uac04\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc11c\ub85c \uc5f0\uad00\uc774 \uc788\uc74c\uc744 \ud754\ud788 \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\uace0 \ub3d9\uc77c\uba85(\u540c\u4e00\u540d)\uc73c\ub85c \ubd88\ub9ac\ub294 \ud559\uc124\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ud559\ud30c\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uadf8 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ub0b4\uc6a9\uc774 \ub2e4\ub978 \uac83\uc744 \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ubbc0\ub85c \uc778\uc2dd\ub860\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc778\uc2dd\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc774\ub860\uacfc \ud559\uc124\uc744 \ube44\ud310, \ubd84\uc11d, \uc885\ud569\ud558\uc5ec \uc778\uc2dd \ub610\ub294 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc758 \ubcf4\ud3b8\uc131, \ud544\uc5f0\uc131, \ud655\uc2e4\uc131, \uc9c4\ub9ac\uc131 \ub4f1 \uc778\uc2dd\uc758 \uc2e0\ube44\ub97c \ud0d0\uad6c\ud55c\ub2e4. (\u9ad8\u6607\u90c1)<\/p>\n
[\ucc38\uace0\ubb38\ud5cc] J. Kleutgen, Philosophie der Vorzeit I, 1860 \/ J. Geyser, Grundlegung der Logik und Erkenntnistheorie, 1919 \/ G. Picard, Le probleme critique fondamental, 1923 \/ E. Przywara, Analogia entis I, 1932 \/ J. Maritain, Les degres \uc5ec savair, 1932 \/ J. Geyser, Die Erkenntnistheorie des Aristoteles, 1917 \/ Ch. Sentroul, Kant et Aristote, 1913. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
1. \uc758\uc758 : \uc778\uc2dd(\u8a8d\u8b58)\uc740 \uc544\uc8fc \ub113\uc740 \uc758\ubbf8\uc758 \uc9c0\uc2dd(\u77e5\u8b58)\uc744 \ub9d0\ud558\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\ub098 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \uc544\ub294 \uc791\uc6a9\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \uc774\ub294 \uac10\uac01\uc774\ub098 \uc9c0\uac01\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uae30\uc5b5\uc774\ub098 \uc0ac\uc0c9\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\uae30\uae4c\uc9c0\uc758 \uc758\uc2dd(\u610f\u8b58)\uc758 \uc791\uc6a9\uc744 \ub9d0\ud55c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ubbc0\ub85c \uc778\uc2dd\uc740 \uc9c0\uac01, \uae30\uc5b5, \uc0ac\uc0c9\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \ube44\uba85\uc81c\uc801(\u975e\u547d\u984c\u7684)\uc778 \uc774\ud574\ub294 \ubb3c\ub860 \uc774\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uc774\ud574\ub97c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0b4\ub294 \uba85\uc81c(\u547d\u984c)\uc640 \ud310\ub2e8\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 \uc758\uc695(\u610f\u617e), … \uacc4\uc18d \uc77d\uae30